
\documentclass[10pt,a4paper,twocolumn]{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[croatian]{babel}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[cp1250]{inputenc}


\title{Croatian Fonts for Users of La\TeX}

\author{Darko \v Zubrini\'c\\
{\small Published as {\it Croatian Fonts} in TUGboat, Vol 17, No 1, March 1996, here corrected and extended (2010)}\\
{\small The original 1996 article is available at  \tt{www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-1/tb50zubr.pdf}}}

\date{}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  DEFINITIONS

%glagolitic ligatures 

\def\ja{{\gg \char'000}}
\def\je{{\gg \char'000}}
\def\ju{{\gg \char'001}}
\def\ml{{\gg \char'002}}
\def\ili{{\gg \char'003}}
\def\tv{{\gg \char'004}}
\def\pr{{\gg \char'005}}
\def\ti{{\gg \char'006}}
\def\itt{{\gg \char'007}}
\def\bo{{\gg \char'010}}
\def\br{{\gg \char'011}}
\def\lju{{\gg \char'012}}
\def\li{{\gg \char'013}}
\def\il{{\gg \char'014}}
\def\tr{{\gg \char'015}}
\def\tto{{\gg \char'016}}
\def\jur{{\gg \char'017}}
\def\ol{{\gg \char'020}}
\def\lo{{\gg \char'021}}
\def\vo{{\gg \char'022}}
\def\po{{\gg \char'023}}
\def\oli{{\gg \char'024}}
\def\olju{{\gg \char'025}}
\def\ljud{{\gg \char'026}\hskip2pt\relax}
\def\bll{{\gg \char'027}}
\def\mo{{\gg \char'030}}
\def\vr{{\gg \char'031}}
\def\tvo{{\gg \char'032}}
\def\no{{\gg \char'033}}
\def\pov{{\gg \char'034}}
\def\poto{{\gg \char'035}}
\def\povr{{\gg \char'036}}
\def\potr{{\gg \char'037}}
\def\pt{{\gg \char'040}}
\def\pot{{\gg \char'041}}
\def\jutr{{\gg \char'042}}
\def\vd{{\gg \char'043}}
\def\vod{{\gg \char'044}}
\def\tvr{{\gg \char'045}}
\def\thita{{\gg \char'046}}
\def\izica{{\gg \char'047}}
\def\zl{{\gg \char'050}}
\def\zo{{\gg \char'051}}
\def\zr{{\gg \char'052}}
\def\pv{{\gg \char'053}}
\def\pov{{\gg \char'054}}
\def\prv{{\gg \char'055}}
\def\pl{{\gg \char'056}}
\def\pod{{\gg \char'057}}
\def\mlc{{\gg \char'060}}
\def\lv{{\gg \char'061}}
\def\vl{{\gg \char'062}}
\def\lt{{\gg \char'063}}
\def\tl{{\gg \char'064}}
\def\vt{{\gg \char'065}}
\def\mc{{\gg \char'066}}
\def\so{{\gg \char'067}}
\def\am{{\gg \char'070}}
\def\ko{{\gg \char'071}}
\def\ot{{\gg \char'072}}
\def\ms{{\gg \char'073}}
\def\mm{{\gg \char'074}}
\def\jeje{{\gg \char'075}}
\def\izze{{\gg \char'076}}
\def\jezze{{\gg \char'077}}
\def\krizz{{\gg \char'100}}
\def\jazze{{\gg \char'101}}
\def\komentar{{\gg \char'102}}
\def\go{{\gg \char'103}}
\def\gr{{\gg \char'104}}
\def\hr{{\gg \char'105}}
\def\ho{{\gg \char'106}}

\def\vjeje{{\ggvv \char'075}}
\def\vizze{{\ggvv \char'076}}
\def\vjezze{{\ggvv \char'077}}
\def\vkrizz{{\ggvv \char'100}}
\def\vjazze{{\ggvv \char'101}}
\def\vkomentar{{\ggvv \char'102}}
\def\vgo{{\ggvv \char'103}}
\def\vgr{{\ggvv \char'104}}
\def\vhr{{\ggvv \char'105}}
\def\vho{{\ggvv \char'106}}
\def\myl{{\gg \char'107}}
\def\ly{{\gg \char'110}}

%\let\je=\ja

\def\til#1{$\widetilde{\text{#1}}$}

%font definitions

\font\ugve=ugve
\font\bb=ugv
\font\zz=ggv
\font\be=ugl
\font\zzz=gg
\font\mbl=ugl10
\font\zzzz=gg10

\font\mobl=obl10 %obla gl.
\font\obl=obl    \let\nobl=\obl
\font\mkal=cal10 % kaligrafska gl. slova
\font\kal=cal

\font\ggvv=ggv1 % kraj i.mf, koji se ne mozze uccitati

\font\pleter=pleter
\font\plet=plet
\font\ple=ple
\font\kur=kur % kurzivna gl.
\font\hc=hcyr % hrv. chirilica

\font\lom=lom % baromic ligatures
\font\bass=bass10 % baska tablet
\font\bassv=bass

\def\vvgl{\ugvv\baselineskip=.7truecm}
\def\vgl{\let\gg=\zz\bb\baselineskip=.7truecm}
\def\ngl{\let\gg=\zzz\be\baselineskip=.6cm}
\def\mgl{\let\gg=\zzzz\mbl\baselineskip=.5cm}

% stechak border ornaments

\font\stechak=stechak

\def\trokut{\centerline{$\mbox{\stechak JJJJJJJJJJJJJ}$}} % trokut
\def\Oo{\centerline{$\mbox{\stechak IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII}$}} % Oo
\def\dvije8{\centerline{$\mbox{\stechak HHHHHHHHHHH}$}} % 8
\def\kukagd{\centerline{$\mbox{\stechak  GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG}$}} % kukice gd.
\def\kukag{\centerline{$\mbox{\stechak FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF}$}}  % kukice g.
\def\kukad{\centerline{$\mbox{\stechak EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE}$}} %kukice d.
\def\cvijet{\centerline{$\mbox{\stechak NNNNNNNNNNN}$}} %cvjetichi
\def\ZZZ{\centerline{$\mbox{\stechak MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM}$}} %ZZZ

\def\q{\quad}

\long\def\okkvir#1#2#3{% 
\hbox{\vrule\vbox{\hrule\vskip#1pt\hbox{\hskip#1pt\vbox{%
\hsize#2cm\parindent=0pt #3%
}\hskip#1pt}\vskip#1pt\hrule}\vrule}%
}

%%%%%%%%%%% end DEFINITIONS



The aim of this note is to inform  
the users of La\TeX\ 
about the possibility of obtaining several new fonts: Croatian
Glagolitic (round, angular, Ba\v ska Tablet, quickscript,
ligatures, the Baromi\'c broken ligatures, caligraphic),
Croatian Cyrillic, ste\'cak ornaments and Croatian interlace patterns.



Having in mind that  the Croatian Glagolitic Script has a long history of
at least 11 centuries (from 9th to 20th), it is not
surprising that  there exists a large
variety of its handwritten and printed versions.  The author has
created several major types of this Script.
\medskip

\noindent$\bullet$  The so called ``round type'', together
with the corresponding numerical values, is the following:

%\input ttablo

{
\baselineskip=0.5cm\rm

\setbox1=\vbox{\halign{\nobl\hfil#\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\q\cr
A&  A&1\cr
B&  B&  2\cr
V&  V&  3\cr
G&  G&  4\cr
D&  D&  5\cr
E&  E&  6\cr
Zz&  \v Z&  7\cr
9& Dz&    8\cr
Z& Z&  9\cr
Y& \"I&  10\cr
I&  I&  20\cr
J&  \DJ, J&  30\cr
K&  K&  40\cr
L&  L&  50\cr
M&  M&  60\cr
N&  N&  70\cr
}}



\setbox2=\vbox{\halign{\nobl\hfil#\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\q\cr
O&   O&  80\cr
P&  P&  90\cr
R&  R&  100\cr
S&   S&  200\cr
T&  T&  300\cr
U&  U&  400\cr
F&   F&  500\cr
H&   H&  600\cr
Q& $\omega$&  700\cr
Ch&  \v S\'c, \' C&  800\cr
C&  C&  900\cr
Cc&  \v C&  1000\cr
Ss&  \v S&  2000\cr
4, 7&  \hbox to 1cm{semivowels\hss}&  \cr
W& Ja, Je& \cr
2& Ju&\cr}}


\setbox22=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy2\vss}

$$
\hbox to \hsize{\copy1\hfil\copy22}
$$
}




\noindent In some documents there appear  additional
versions of  letters,
like e.g.\ the ``spider-like h'' {\obl\char'076}. It is interesting
that, contrary to the Glagolitic Script, the numerical values
corresponding to the letters of the old Cyrillic Script
are rather inconsistent, since the natural numbering
of letters in tables is ruined.
The reason is that the Cyrillic Script is essentially a
Greek Script from the 9th century, and its natural numbering
was ruined by some letters introduced
from the Glagolitic Script  for Slavic sounds that
 do no exist in the Greek language.
\medskip



\noindent$\bullet$ The font of the Ba\v ska stone Tablet
(carved in around A.D.\
1100  on the island of Krk):

%\input ttablb


{
\baselineskip=0.5cm\rm

\setbox1=\vbox{\halign{\bassv\hfil#\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\q\cr
a, x&  A&1\cr
b&  B&  2\cr
v, V&  V&  3\cr
g&  G&  4\cr
d&  D&  5\cr
e&  E&  6\cr
zz&  \v Z&  7\cr
--& {Dz}&    8\cr
z& Z&  9\cr
y& \"I&  10\cr
i, I&  I&  20\cr
--&  \DJ, J&  30\cr
k&  K&  40\cr
l&  L&  50\cr
m, M&  M&  60\cr
n, N&  N&  70\cr
}}



\setbox2=\vbox{\halign{\bassv\hfil#\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\q\cr
o, O&   O&  80\cr
p&  P&  90\cr
r&  R&  100\cr
s&   S&  200\cr
t, T&  T&  300\cr
u&  U&  400\cr
--&   F&  500\cr
h&   H&  600\cr
-- & $\omega$&  700\cr
ch&  \hbox to0pt{\v S\'c, \' C\hss}&  800\cr
c&  C&  900\cr
cc, CC&  \v C&  1000\cr
ss&  \v S&  2000\cr
3, 4&  \hbox to 0cm{semivowels\hss}&  \cr
ya& Ja, Je& \cr
yu& Ju&\cr
\char'002& \hbox to0cm{Jest-je\hss}&\cr
}}



\setbox22=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy2\vss}
%\setbox33=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy3\vss}

$$
\hbox to \hsize{\copy1\hfil\copy22}
$$
}



The Ba\v ska Tablet is one of our most important cultural
monuments  ($2\times 1$ m${}^2$). The reason is that it was
written in the Croatian
language (with the elements of the Church Slavonic) as early as
in the 11th century.  Its text comprises more than $400$
letters and  contains the earliest
mention of a Croatian king written in the Croatian
vernacular: Z''v''nimir'', kral'' hr''vat''sk''\"{\i}
(Hrvatska $=$ Croatia), i.e.\
{\it Zvonimir, the Croatian king\/}, or in the
Glagolitic:
\setbox0=\hbox{\bassv kral3 \ hr3vxt3sk3y}
$$
\okkvir26{\hbox to \wd0{\hss\bassv z3v3nimir3\hss}
\vskip2mm
\hbox{\bassv kral3 \ hr3vxt3sk3y}}
$$
There are also earlier  monuments from the 9th century that
mention Croatian kings and dukes, but written in the Latin
Script and in the Latin
language.




The reader will notice that several Latin and(or) Cyrillic
letters appear on the table: {\bass O, I, M, N, T, V} ($=$
V). This
is only one among numerous proofs of the parallel use of three
Scripts (Glagolitic, Latin, Cyrillic) and three languages
(Croatian, Church Slavonic and Latin) in Croatia. The
three-scriptural and three-language character of the
Croatian Middle Ages is a unique phenomenon in the history of
European culture.

\medskip

\noindent$\bullet$ Since the 12th century the Glagolitic
Script survived only on the Croatian soil. Until that time
it existed also in some other regions, like in Bulgaria,
Macedonia, Roumania and   Ukraine, when it was replaced by
the Cyrillic Script. In Croatia there developped the so
called {\it angular form\/} of the Glagolitic.

%\input ttabl

{
\baselineskip=0.5cm\rm

\setbox1=\vbox{\halign{\ngl\hfil#\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\quad\cr
A&  A& 1\cr
B&  B&  2\cr
V&  V&  3\cr
G&  G&  4\cr
D&  D&  5\cr
E&  E&  6\cr
Zz&  \v Z&  7\cr
9& Dz&    8\cr
Z& Z&  9\cr
Y& \"I&  10\cr
I&  I&  20\cr
Dd, J&  \DJ, J&  30\cr
K&  K&  40\cr
L&  L&  50\cr
{\vgl\mm}, M&  M&  60\cr
N&  N&  70\cr
}}



\setbox2=\vbox{\halign{\ngl\hfil#\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\quad\cr
O&   O&  80\cr
P&  P&  90\cr
R&  R&  100\cr
S&   S&  200\cr
T&  T&  300\cr
U&  U&  400\cr
F&   F&  500\cr
H&   H&  600\cr
Q& $\omega$&  700\cr
Ch& \v S\'c, \' C&  800\cr
C&  C&  900\cr
Cc, Cx&  \v C&  1000\cr
Ss&  \v S&  2000\cr
6&\hbox to0pt{semivowel\hss}&  \cr
YA& Ja, Je& \cr
YU& Ju&\cr}}


\setbox22=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy2\vss}
%\setbox33=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy3\vss}

$$
\hbox to \hsize{\copy1\hfil\copy22}
$$
}%
%
\noindent% 
Its  golden period
falls between  the 12th and the 16th century:
After that a
decline of  this Script ensued, as a result of
the penetration of the Ottoman Empire. Let us mention by the
way that this penetration lead to massive displacements of
the Croats. Its consequence  is that even today one
of the
most widespread surnames in Hungary and Slovenia is {\it
Horvath\/},
whose meaning is simply -- Croat.
\medskip

\noindent$\bullet$ The Croatian Glagolitic has hundreds of interesting
ligatures. Their quantity represents an infallable indication of
a very broad usage of our national  Script.
 Let us present some of them:

%\input ttlis

{
\baselineskip=.7cm
%\font\gg=ggv


%\obeylines

\setbox1=\vbox{\halign{\hfil\vgl #\hfil&\quad\hfil#\hfil\cr
\am& am\cr
\bll& bl\cr
\bo& bo\cr
\br& br\cr
\go& go\cr
\gr& gr\cr
\ho& ho\cr
\hr& hr\cr
\il& il\cr
\ili& ili\cr
\itt& it\cr
\izze& i\v ze\cr
\jazze& ja\v ze\cr
%\ggvv\char'101& jazze\cr
\jeje& jeje\cr
%\ggvv\char'075& jeje\cr
\jezze& je\v ze\cr
}}

\setbox2=\vbox{\halign{\hfil\vgl #\hfil&\quad\hfil#\hfil\cr
\jur& jur\cr
\jutr& jutr\cr
\ko& ko\cr
\li& li\cr
\lo& lo\cr
\lt& lt\cr
\lv& lv\cr
\ly& l\"i\cr
\lju& lju\cr
\ljud& ljud\cr
\ml& ml\cr
\mlc& ml\v c\cr
\mo& mo\cr
\ms& ms\cr
\mc& m\v z\cr
\myl& m\" il\cr
}}


\setbox3=\vbox{\halign{\hfil\vgl #\hfil&\quad\hfil#\hfil\cr
\no& no\cr
\ol& ol\cr
\oli& oli\cr
\olju& olju\cr
\ot& ot\cr
\pl& pl\cr
\po& po\cr
\pod& pod\cr
\pot& pot\cr
\poto& poto\cr
\potr& potr\cr
\povr& povr\cr
\pr& pr\cr
\prv& prv\cr
\pt& pt\cr
\so& so\cr
}}


\setbox4=\vbox{\halign{\hfil\vgl #\hfil&\quad\hfil#\hfil\cr
\ti& ti\cr
\tl& tl\cr
\tto& to\cr
\tr& tr\cr
%
\tv& tv\cr
\tvo& tvo\cr
\tvr& tvr\cr
\vd& vd\cr
\vl& vl\cr
\vo& vo\cr
\vod& vod\cr
\vr& vr\cr
\vt& vt\cr
\zl& zl\cr
\zo& zo\cr
\zr& zr\cr
}}

%\setbox5=\vbox{\halign{\hfil\vgl #\hfil&\quad\hfil#\hfil\cr
%}}

$$
\hbox
to\hsize{\copy1\hfil\copy2\hfil\copy3\hfil\copy4}
$$

}





\noindent It is
striking that a {\it printed\/} Glagolitic book, the {\it Brozi\'c breviary} from 1561
(1081 pages),  has as many as $250$ ligatures.

\noindent$\bullet$ A unique
creation in the history of European printing are the so called
{\it Baromi\'c broken ligatures\/}. The idea was to add one half of
a letter (say {\lom A} of {\mgl A}) to another (say {\mgl
B}), to obtain a broken ligature ({\mgl B}{\lom A} -- ba). Other
combinations are also possible with
{\lom D} ({\mgl D}, D),
{\lom ZZ} ({\mgl ZZ}, \v Z),
{\lom L} ({\mgl L}, L),
{\lom V} ({\mgl V}, V),
{\lom T} ({\mgl T}, T). As an exercise, try to read the
following well known name, the creator of \TeX:
$$
\mbox{{\mgl DONALD KNUTH} $\longrightarrow$ {\mgl DON}{\lom ALD}   {\mgl KNU}{\lom T}{\mgl H}}.
$$
Broken ligatures were used in the {\it Baromi\'c Missal}, the
incunabulum printed in the Croatian city of Senj in 1494
(in 1994  we celebrated its $500$th
anniversary). Only three samples are preserved: one in
the Saltykov \v S\v cedrin Library in St.Petersburg (Russia),
one and the only complete copy in
the Szeczenyi Library in Budapest (Hungary), and one
in Croatia on the island of Cres. When looking at the
Baromi\'c broken ligatures,  one has the impression as if this
incunabula was handwritten.




At this point I would be free to warn the interested reader,
who will probably start to dig in some encyclopedias to obtain more
information, against some typical mistakes.
The  renowned Encyclopedia
Britannica claims that  the Croatian
Glagolitic  has no ligatures at all, that its golden
period falls in the 16th and 17th century and that even
today the Glagolitic liturgy is in use among the Croats in some parts of
Montenegro. The same
mistakes appear in the monographies of the well known
paleograph David Diringer. The French Encyclopedia states
that the Glagolitic Script was simplified during the centuries
and became the Cyrillic.
It would be  more precise to say that the Cyrillic Script is
essentially a Greek Script, into which several Glagolitic
letters (or letters analogous to Glagolitic) were
introduced for sounds that do not exist in the Greek
language, like \v c, \v z, \v s ({\mgl ss}), dj, lj, nj, ja,
ju, je  etc.
The voluminous Spanish Encyclopedia
mentions
the {\it Vinodol Code} (1288) written in the  Glagolitic, but  not the
nation to which it belongs. In some encyclopedias it is wrongly
stated that the {\it Glagolita Clozianus} from 11th century (or {\it Klo\v cev glagolja\v s}, as we call it)  is of the Bulgarian
origin. This beutiful book from the 11th century
 was written in the Croatian recension of the Church
 Slavonic language, using round type Glagolitic,
and had $512$ pages.
It was in the posession of  Croatian nobility of the
Frankapan family until  the 15th century.
After the death of the prince Ivan Frankapan in 1468, who kept it
as the most precious value, the book
arrived  in
Venice.  Only $14$ pages remained to these
days: $12$  are held in Trento (Italy)
and $2$ in Innsbruck (Austria). The book  was named after an
Austrian  count Cloz (19th century), one of the proprietors
 of its sad remainings.




The question of the origins of
the Glagolitic Script is still a difficult open problem.
There are basically two opposing groups of opinions: a) that
it was created by St.\ Cyrill in the 9th century, and b)
that it grew out over a longer period before the 9th
century. Indeed, some of
its letters are quite close or equal to
those appearing in  Oriental Scripts (South Semitic,
Samaritan, Ethiopian, Armenian, Cypriot, Cretan linear A and
B, and even Protoindian):
{\ngl a, b, i, y, k, s, \obl m, ya,  6, \char'076,
\bass x, CC} etc. This is also the case with some of the
Croatian
Cyrillic letters: {\hc CH, 2, 5, V, \^{}}.
On the other hand, we do not know of any  of the Oriental
Scripts from which the Glagolitic could be derived as a
whole, or at least in a greater part.


Hundreds of Croatian Glagolitic monuments, both handwritten and
printed, the oldest from the 12th century,
 are held in national museums in  at least $26$
countries:
%\begin{itemize}
%\item 
{\bf Austria:} {\it
Vienna, Innsbruck, Schwarzau, Linz, G\"ussing, Graz}
%\item 
{\bf Bosnia--Herzegovina:} {\it
Sarajevo, Fojnica, Posu\v sje, Humac, Banja Luka, Livno, neighbourhood of Jajce,\/}
{\bf Bulgaria:} {\it Sofia,}
%\item 
{\bf Czechia:} {\it Praha, Sazava}
 {\bf Denmark:} {\it  Kopenhagen,}
%\item 
{\bf Germany:}
{\it Berlin,
Weimar, Wertheim,Stuttgart, Magdeburg, M\"unchen, Frankfurt am Main, Trier, T\"ubingen, Bamberg,}
%\item 
{\bf France:} {\it Paris, Tours, Reims},
{\bf Great Britain:} {\it London, Cambridge,
Oxford,}
%\item
{\bf Hungary:} {\it Budapest,}
{\bf Italy:} {\it Rome, Trento, Padova, Firenza, Sienna, Trieste, Aquileia, Cividale, Goriza,}
%\item 
{\bf The Netherlands:} {\it Delft,}
%\item 
{\bf Norway:} {\it Oslo,}
%\item  
{\bf Poland:} {\it Krakow, Holesnica, Wroclaw,}
%\item  
{\bf Portugal:} {\it Porto,}
%\item 
{\bf Roumania:} {\it Sibiu,}
%\item 
{\bf Russia:}
{\it Moscow, St.Peterburg,}
%\item 
{\bf Serbia:} {\it Belgrade,}
%\item 
{\bf Slovakia:} {\it Martin,}
%\item 
{\bf Slovenia:} {\it Ljubljana, Mojstrana, Hrastovlje, Kopar, Novo Mesto,}
%\item 
{\bf Spain:} {\it Madrid, Salamanca, Palma de Mallorca,}
%\item  
{\bf Sweden:} {\it Stockholm, Uppsala, }
%\item  
{\bf Switzerland:} {\it Basel ,}
%\item  
{\bf Turkie:} {\it  Constantinople,} 
%\item  
{\bf Ukraine:} {\it Ki\"{\i}v, Odessa,}
%\item  
{\bf USA:} {\it
New York, Washington, Princeton}, and
%\item  
{\bf the Vatican}.
%\end{itemize}
 I would like to
take the opportunity to send an appeal to those readers who maybe
know of any of the Croatian Glagolitic documents
held in private possession to inform me.

 The reader living in New York can see the beuatiful
Croatian Missal from around 1410 in the Pierpont Morgan
Library, called {\it The New York Missal} (reprinted by the Martin Sagner Verlag, Munich, 1976). In
the Congress Library in Washington you can see a sample of
the first Croatian incunabula printed in  1483 (about $70$
years before the first Russian printed book).
Six copies are in Croatia, two in the Vatican Library, one
in the National Library in Vienna (Austria) and one  in the
Saltykov \v S\v cedrin
Library in St.Petersburg (Russia). It was the first missal in
the history of European printing that was not printed in the
Latin characters, as well as the first one not printed in the
Latin language.

Probably the most valuable
Croatian Glagolitic book is the {\it Missal of Hrvoje} (1404), held in
the Library of Turkish sultans (Topkapi Saray) in Constantinople.
Unfortunately, many of the  Glagolitic documents
dating after the 12th century (and hence without any doubt
of the
Croatian origin), held in
national libraries
in France (Paris, Tours, Reims),  Great Britain (London,
Oxford, Cambridge) and elsewhere, have a fairly
imprecise signature: Code
Slave. It is interesting that George de Sclavonie (or de
Corvatia, 14th century),
a professor at Sorbonne in
Paris,
left us several valuable Glagolitic manuscripts
written by his hand, held today in
the Municipal Library in Reims.



\medskip

\noindent$\bullet$ In the 16th and 17th century there began
to appear some caligraphic Glagolitic letters in Croatian
printed books:

$$
\mbox{
{\kal A} (A),
{\kal V} (V),
{\kal D} (D),
{\kal Z} (Z),
{\kal I} (I),}
$$
$$
\mbox{
{\kal K} (K),
{\kal L} (L),
{\kal M} (M),
{\kal N} (N),
{\kal P} (P),}
$$
$$
\mbox{
{\kal R} (R),
{\kal S} (S),
{\kal H} (H),
{\kal CC} (\v C).}
$$
\smallskip

\noindent$\bullet$ There are thousands of
{\it Croatian Glagolitic Quickscript\/} 
documents, witnessing above all about the Croatian language
and its very early use in official documents, and about
 highly organized civil life
 in the Middle Ages. Probably the
most important is the {\it Vinodole Code\/} from  1288. This
is the
earliest Slav Code after the Russian Pravda, which was
written just a little bit earlier: in 1280.  Very important
is the {\it Istarski razvod\/} (Istrian Demarcation),  
written over a longer period from 1275-1395 in  the region of Istria. It was written in three
official copies:
in the Latin and German languages (in Latin Script), and in
the
Croatian language (as was expressly stated on more than twenty places within the 53 pp of its text), using the
Glagolitic Script. It defined the borders between different
rulers in Istria.
Equally important are the city
statutes of many Croatian cities written in the Glagolitic, the earliest  dating  from
the 14th century. Here is
a variant of the Croatian Glagolitic Quickscript
 (we provide also the angular type for comparison):

%\input ttabloku

{
\baselineskip=0.7cm\rm

\setbox1=\vbox{\halign{\kur\hfil#\hfil&\q\mgl\hfil#\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\q\cr
A& A&  A&1\cr
B& B&  B&  2\cr
V& V&  V&  3\cr
G& G& G&  4\cr
D& D& D&  5\cr
E& E& E&  6\cr
Zz& ZZ& \v Z&  7\cr
9& 9& Dz&    8\cr
Z& Z& Z&  9\cr
Y& Y& \"I&  10\cr
I& I&  I&  20\cr
J& J&  J&  30\cr
K& K&  K&  40\cr
L& L&  L&  50\cr
M& M&  M&  60\cr
N& N& N&  70\cr
}}



\setbox2=\vbox{\halign{\kur\hfil#\hfil&\q\mgl\hfil#\hfil&\quad#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\q\cr
O& O&  O&  80\cr
P& P&  P&  90\cr
R& R& R&  100\cr
S& S&  S&  200\cr
T& T& T&  300\cr
U& U& U&  400\cr
F& F&  F&  500\cr
H& H&  H&  600\cr
Q& Q& $\omega$&  700\cr
Ch& Ch& \v S\'c, \' C&  800\cr
C& C&  C&  900\cr
Cc& Cc& \v C&  1000\cr
Ss& Ss&  \v S&  2000\cr
%6& {\blj\^{}}&  poluglas (jer)&  \cr
\char'136& Ya& Ja, Je& \cr
\char'137& Yu& Ju&\cr}}



\setbox22=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy2\vss}
%\setbox33=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy3\vss}

$$
\hbox to \hsize{\copy1\hfil\copy22}
$$
}

\noindent
%Literaly thousands of Croatian legal documents are written in Glagolitic Quickscript. 
Let us illustrate it with two examples:\newline
{\kur Donald Knuth}, the creator of \TeX, and\newline
{\kur Darko Zzubrinich}, the author of this article.



\medskip

\noindent$\bullet$ {\it Croatian Cyrillic} (also called Bosan\v cica)
 was quite widespread
in Bosnia and  in the Dalmatian part of Croatia. Its developement
can be traced from the 12th to 19th century.
 According to the
Austrian palegraph Thorvi Eckhardt, this Script shows the
greatest independence among all the variants of the Cyrillic Scripts.
Here it is:

%\input ttablhc


{
\baselineskip=0.5cm\rm

\setbox1=\vbox{\halign{\hc\hfil#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\hfil\quad\cr
A& A \cr
B& B  \cr
V& V \cr
G& G \cr
D, \char'076, 5& D \cr
%DDD& Dd \cr % \cc -> DD
E& E \cr
ZZ, ZX, \char'017& \v Z \cr
9& Dz \cr
Z& Z \cr
I&  I \cr
DD, 2&  \DJ \cr
K& K \cr
L& L \cr
DDL& LJ \cr
M& M \cr
N& N \cr
DDN& NJ \cr
}}



\setbox2=\vbox{\halign{\hc\hfil#\hfil&\quad\hfil#\hfil\quad\cr
O& O \cr
P& P \cr
R& R \cr
S& S \cr
T& T \cr
U& U \cr
F& F \cr
H& H \cr
Q& OT \cr
CH& {\v S\'c, \v C} \cr
C& C \cr
CC& \v C \cr
SS& \v S \cr
\^{}& {semivowel}  \cr
J, \&{}& ja \cr
%YA&  JA  \cr
%YE&  JE  \cr
YU& ju\cr}}



\setbox22=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy2\vss}
%\setbox33=\vbox to \ht1{\vskip3.33pt\copy3\vss}

$$
\hbox to \hsize{\copy1\hss\copy22}
$$
}



\noindent Probably the most beutiful Croatian Cyrillic book
is the {\it Missal of Hval} written in 1404, now held in the University
Library in Bologna (Italy).
\medskip



\noindent$\bullet$ There
exist more that $66,000$ mysterious tombstone monuments, mostly in
Bosnia-Herzegovina and  Croatia, called  {\it ste\'cak\/},
 (13-14th century),
some of them having short engravings in the
Croatian Cyrillic Script (e.g.\ ``Please do not
disturb me, I was like you and
you will be like me''), with  interesting and simple border
decorations, like:

\medskip

\cvijet

\smallskip

\kukagd

\smallskip

\dvije8

\smallskip

\Oo

\medskip

\noindent These monuments belong to Krstyans, memebers of the Bosnian
Church, a Christian religious sect about which we still know very
little.



\noindent$\bullet$ Let me finish this article with some of
the most typical Croatian interlace patterns appearing in
 our preromanesque churches, built between the  9th and 12th
 century. From
 about $300$ preromanesque Croatian
 churches only  $15$ are well preserved. The most widespread
 interlace pattern is
$$
\mbox{\pleter 1eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2}
$$
\noindent Of course, it is composed of {\pleter 1 e  2}. I used the above interlace pattern  as a headline
for my popular book  on the history of the Glagolitic [2], which
had a great success in Croatia. Somewhat more complex
patterns are:
%\centerline{\plet ommp}
$$
\mbox{\ple a}
$$
$$
\mbox{\plet srrt}
$$


\noindent Additional information about the Croatian Glagolitic can be
seen at the URL:
$$
\mbox{\small\tt http://www.croatianhistory.net}
$$
 All  the fonts appearing in this article will be available
 freely  via the WWW at the URL
$$
\mbox{\small\tt www.ctan.org/tex-archive/language/croatian/fonts/}
$$
In the case you use them, I would deeply appreciate
to inform me.



\medskip

\noindent{\bf References}

\begin{description}

\item{[1]} Darko \v Zubrini\'c: {\it The exotic Croatian
Glagolitic Alphabet\/}, TUGboat, December 1992

\item{[2]} Darko \v Zubrini\'c: {\it Hrvatska glagoljica\/} (history
of the Croatian Glagolitic Script, 400 p.), HKD Sv.\ Jeronima i Element,  Zagreb, 1996 (in Croatian)

\item{[3]} Darko \v Zubrini\'c: {\it A Small Encyclopaedia of Croatian Glagolitic Script},\newline
{\small\tt www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lex.html}

\item{[4]} This article (La\TeX\ and PDF) is available at\newline
{\small\tt www.croatianhistory.net/etf/gl-font.html}


\end{description}

\bigskip

\noindent
{\small Darko \v Zubrini\'c\newline
University of Zagreb\newline
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing\newline
Department of Applied Mathematics\newline
Unska 3\newline
10000 Zagreb\newline
Croatia
\smallskip

\noindent
e-mail: {\tt darko.zubrinic@fer.hr}
}


\end{document}


